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All Quotes by author - Rainer Weiss
" A gravitational wave is a very slight stretching in one dimension. If there's a gravitational wave traveling towards you, you get a stretch in the dimension that's perpendicular to the direction it's moving. And then perpendicular to that first stretch, you have a compression along the other dimension. "
You
Wave
Stretching
" Experimentally, we now have demonstrated that Einstein's theory is right in strong gravitational fields. That's important to a lot of people. "
Strong
Important
Now
" For reasons probably related to the popular vision of Albert Einstein and, also, the threat posed by black holes in comic books and science fiction, our gravitational wave discoveries have had an amazing public impact. "
Black
Amazing
Impact
" I didn't understand the Weber bar and how gravitational waves interacted with it. I sat and thought about it over a weekend, trying to prepare for the lecture for the following Monday. I asked myself how would I do it. The simplest way... was a thought experiment. "
Waves
Weekend
Myself
" I prefer really often to talk to high school students, mostly because I think they're the future for us. "
School
High School
Think
" I said, suppose you take a light - I was thinking of just light bulbs because, in those days, lasers were not yet really there - and sent a light pulse between two masses. Then you do the same when there's a gravitational wave. Lo and behold, you see that the time it takes light to go from one mass to the other changes because of the wave. "
You
Changes
Light
" I thought that there must be an easier way to explain how a gravitational wave interacts with matter: If one just looked at the most primitive thing of all, 3D floating masses out in space, and look at how the space between them changed because of the gravitational wave coming between them. "
Space
Look
Matter
" It's a spectacular signal. It's a signal many of us have wanted to observe since the time LIGO was proposed. It shows the dynamics of objects in the strongest gravitational fields imaginable, a domain where Newton's gravity doesn't work at all, and one needs the fully non-linear Einstein field equations to explain the phenomena. "
Gravity
Time
Us
" I wasn't unpopular. I didn't have any trouble getting girls. "
Getting
Trouble
Any
" My father was a dictator in the true German sense. He suppressed my mother. "
Dictator
Mother
Sense
" My parents were singularly uninterested in me. My father was too self-centered and too busy with his own practice to pay a lot of attention to me, and my mother was probably deflected more by my sister. "
Busy
Father
Sister
" Over and over in the history of astronomy, a new instrument finds things we never expected to see. "
History
Never
New
" People say, 'I failed out of college! My life is over!' Well, it's not over. It depends on what you do with it. "
You
Say
People
" The obvious thing to me was, let's take freely floating masses in space and measure the time it takes light to travel between them. The presence of a gravitational wave would change that time. Using the time difference, one could measure the amplitude of the wave. "
Space
Change
Light
" There was a person who thought I was OK. I wasn't a complete dope. I got some confidence out of that. "
Thought
Person
Got
" The waves travel with the velocity of light and slightly squeeze and stretch space transverse to the direction of their motion. The first waves we measured came from the collision of two black holes each about 30 times the mass of our sun. "
Sun
Black
Light
" The whole idea of gravity curling up space, that is the epitome of what is going on in a black hole. I would've loved to have seen Einstein's face if he were presented with the data that we actually discovered such a thing, because he himself probably didn't believe in much of it. "
Space
Loved
Black
" The whole world tried to reproduce the Weber experiments. "
Tried
Experiments
Whole
" We are all enormously indebted to the National Science Foundation of the United States and the American public for steady support over close to 50 years. "
Foundation
American
Science
" We haven't found anything that we can't explain at all. I hope that will happen. "
Explain
Anything
Will
" We know about black holes and neutron stars, but we hope there are other phenomena we can see because of the gravitational waves they emit. "
Waves
See
Stars
" We live in an epoch where rational reasoning associated with evidence isn't universally accepted and is, in fact, in jeopardy. That worries me a lot. "
Live
Fact
Evidence
" We've seen black holes, which is already wonderful. We also expect to see the merger of neutron stars, and that was a thing that actually gave this field a certain credibility when it was discovered that there were pairs of neutron stars in our galaxy, and people stopped laughing at us when that was found out. "
People
Galaxy
See
" What was done is measure directly, with exquisitely sensitive instruments, gravitational waves predicted about 100 years ago by Albert Einstein. These waves are a new way to study the universe and are expected to have significant impact on astronomy and astrophysics in the years ahead. "
Measure
Impact
Done
" You know the Einstein waves can be thought of as a distortion of space and time. But the way we see it, we see it as a distortion of space. And space is enormously stiff. You can't squish it; you can't change its dimensions so easily. "
Time
You
Waves
" You think Earth's gravity is really something when you're climbing the stairs. But, as far as physics goes, it is a pipsqueak, infinitesimal, tiny little effect. "
You
Earth
Far
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