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" Many of us now expect our online activities to be recorded and analyzed, but we assume the physical spaces we inhabit are different. The data broker industry doesn't see it that way. To them, even the act of walking down the street is a legitimate data set to be captured, catalogued, and exploited. "

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" Histories of discrimination can live on in digital platforms, and if they go unquestioned, they become part of the logic of everyday algorithmic systems. "

Kate Crawford

Logic

Digital

Discrimination

" People think 'big data' avoids the problem of discrimination because you are dealing with big data sets, but, in fact, big data is being used for more and more precise forms of discrimination - a form of data redlining. "

" Like all technologies before it, artificial intelligence will reflect the values of its creators. So inclusivity matters - from who designs it to who sits on the company boards and which ethical perspectives are included. "

" It is a failure of imagination and methodology to claim that it is necessary to experiment on millions of people without their consent in order to produce good data science. "

" The fear isn't that big data discriminates. We already know that it does. It's that you don't know if you've been discriminated against. "

" The promoters of big data would like us to believe that behind the lines of code and vast databases lie objective and universal insights into patterns of human behavior, be it consumer spending, criminal or terrorist acts, healthy habits, or employee productivity. But many big-data evangelists avoid taking a hard look at the weaknesses. "

" Hidden biases in both the collection and analysis stages present considerable risks and are as important to the big-data equation as the numbers themselves. "

" Numbers can't speak for themselves, and data sets - no matter their scale - are still objects of human design. "

" Data is something we create, but it's also something we imagine. "

" While many big-data providers do their best to de-identify individuals from human-subject data sets, the risk of re-identification is very real. "

" Self-tracking using a wearable device can be fascinating. "

" We need a sweeping debate about ethics, boundaries, and regulation for location data technologies. "

" Data will always bear the marks of its history. That is human history held in those data sets. "

" With big data comes big responsibilities. "

" We need to be vigilant about how we design and train these machine-learning systems, or we will see ingrained forms of bias built into the artificial intelligence of the future. "

" Big Data is neither color-blind nor gender-blind. We can see how it is used in marketing to segment people. "

" We urgently need more due process with the algorithmic systems influencing our lives. If you are given a score that jeopardizes your ability to get a job, housing, or education, you should have the right to see that data, know how it was generated, and be able to correct errors and contest the decision. "

" Surveillant anxiety is always a conjoined twin: The anxiety of those surveilled is deeply connected to the anxiety of the surveillers. But the anxiety of the surveillers is generally hard to see; it's hidden in classified documents and delivered in highly coded languages in front of Senate committees. "

" We should always be suspicious when machine-learning systems are described as free from bias if it's been trained on human-generated data. Our biases are built into that training data. "

" Books about technology start-ups have a pattern. First, there's the grand vision of the founders, then the heroic journey of producing new worlds from all-night coding and caffeine abuse, and finally, the grand finale: immense wealth and secular sainthood. Let's call it the Jobs Narrative. "

" Sexism, racism, and other forms of discrimination are being built into the machine-learning algorithms that underlie the technology behind many 'intelligent' systems that shape how we are categorized and advertised to. "

" Vivametrica isn't the only company vying for control of the fitness data space. There is considerable power in becoming the default standard-setter for health metrics. Any company that becomes the go-to data analysis group for brands like Fitbit and Jawbone stands to make a lot of money. "

" We should have equivalent due-process protections for algorithmic decisions as for human decisions. "

" Biases and blind spots exist in big data as much as they do in individual perceptions and experiences. Yet there is a problematic belief that bigger data is always better data and that correlation is as good as causation. "