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" Whitney wanted to eradicate the idea that in the case of a language we are dealing with a natural faculty; in fact, social institutions stand opposed to natural institutions. "

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" In fact, from then on scholars engaged in a kind of game of comparing different Indo-European languages with one another, and eventually they could not fail to wonder what exactly these connections showed, and how they should be interpreted in concrete terms. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Game

Wonder

Connections

" It is one of the aims of linguistics to define itself, to recognise what belongs within its domain. In those cases where it relies upon psychology, it will do so indirectly, remaining independent. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Within

Psychology

Independent

" The critical principle demanded an examination, for instance, of the contribution of different periods, thus to some extent embarking on historical linguistics. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Different

Contribution

Some

" A language presupposes that all the individual users possess the organs. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Language

Individual

Users

" Outside speech, the association that is made in the memory between words having something in common creates different groups, series, families, within which very diverse relations obtain but belonging to a single category: these are associative relations. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Single

Words

Belonging

" Within speech, words are subject to a kind of relation that is independent of the first and based on their linkage: these are syntagmatic relations, of which I have spoken. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Communication

Kind

Speech

" It is only since linguistics has become more aware of its object of study, i.e. perceives the whole extent of it, that it is evident that this science can make a contribution to a range of studies that will be of interest to almost anyone. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Will

Contribution

" A linguistic system is a series of differences of sound combined with a series of differences of ideas. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Sound

System

Ideas

" Everyone, left to his own devices, forms an idea about what goes on in language which is very far from the truth. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Everyone

Left

Own

" The very special place that a language occupies among institutions is undeniable, but there is much more to be said-, a comparison would tend rather to bring out the differences. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Place

Special

Differences

" Linguistics will have to recognise laws operating universally in language, and in a strictly rational manner, separating general phenomena from those restricted to one branch of languages or another. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Will

Rational

Laws

" Nearly all institutions, it might be said, are based on signs, but these signs do not directly evoke things. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Institutions

Might

Said

" In general, the philological movement opened up countless sources relevant to linguistic issues, treating them in quite a different spirit from traditional grammar; for instance, the study of inscriptions and their language. But not yet in the spirit of linguistics. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Grammar

Study

" Henceforth, language studies were no longer directed merely towards correcting grammar. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Longer

Studies

Were

" Any psychology of sign systems will be part of social psychology - that is to say, will be exclusively social; it will involve the same psychology as is applicable in the case of languages. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Psychology

Will

Same

" The business, task or object of the scientific study of languages will if possible be 1) to trace the history of all known languages. Naturally this is possible only to a very limited extent and for very few languages. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Business

Task

Study

" It is useful to the historian, among others, to be able to see the commonest forms of different phenomena, whether phonetic, morphological or other, and how language lives, carries on and changes over time. "

Ferdinand de Saussure

Changes

See

Time