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" From here, it becomes an engineering problem; the engineer considers the ground motion that will occur and evaluates the requirements of the proposed structure in the light of the local foundation conditions. "

Charles Francis Richter
Foundation
Engineering
Light
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" In every area of the world where there is earthquake risk, there are still many buildings of this type; it is very frustrating to try to get rid of them. "
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" I repeatedly have to correct this belief. In a sense, magnitude involves steps of 10 because every increase of one magnitude represents a tenfold amplification of the ground motion. But there is no 'scale of 10' in the sense of an upper limit. "
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" There is another common misapprehension that the magnitude scale is itself some kind of instrument or apparatus. Visitors will frequently ask to 'see the scale.' "
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" I suggested that we might compare earthquakes in terms of the measured amplitudes recorded at these stations, with an appropriate correction for distance. "
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" If one introduces the concept of energy of an earthquake then that is a theoretically derived quantity. "
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" Incidentally, the usual designation of the magnitude scale to my name does less than justice to the great part that Dr. Gutenberg played in extending the scale to apply to earthquakes in all parts of the world. "
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" Nothing is less predictable than the development of an active scientific field. "
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" If the assumptions used in calculating energy are changed, then this seriously affects the final result, even though the same body of data might be used. "
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" We would have been happy if we could have assigned just three categories, large, medium, and small; the point is, we wanted to avoid personal judgments. It actually turned out to be quite a finely tuned scale. "
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Happy
" By moving them vertically, a representative mean curve could be formed, and individual events were then characterized by individual logarithmic differences from the standard curve. "
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" Refining is inevitable in science when you have made measurements of a phenomenon for a long period of time. "
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" My amateur interest in astronomy brought out the term 'magnitude', which is used for the brightness of a star. "
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Star
Interest
Astronomy
" Intensity like signal strength will generally fall off with distance from the source, although it also depends on the local conditions and the pathway from the source to the point. "
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Will
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" Logarithmic plots are a device of the devil. "
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Devil
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" What emerged, of course, was that the magnitude scale presupposed that all earthquakes were alike except for a constant scaling factor. And this proved to be closer to the truth than we expected. "
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Expected
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" I usually point out that most loss of life and property has been due to the collapse of antiquated and unsafe structures, mostly of brick and other masonry. "
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Life
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" Emphasis was usually put on the horizontal acceleration factor, for the simple reason that ordinary structures have a built-in safety factor for the vertical component; that is, gravity. "
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Factor
Safety
Simple
" I'm glad to see the press now referring to the open-ended Richter scale. "
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" I was lucky because logarithmic plots are a device of the devil. "
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Plots
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