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" Since the end of the Cold War two main nuclear powers have begun to make big reductions in their nuclear arsenals. Each of them is dismantling about 2,000 nuclear warheads a year. "
Joseph Rotblat
Year
War
End
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" I have to bring to your notice a terrifying reality: with the development of nuclear weapons Man has acquired, for the first time in history, the technical means to destroy the whole of civilization in a single act. "
Joseph Rotblat
Man
Reality
History
" The present basic philosophy is nuclear deterrence. "
Joseph Rotblat
Present
Nuclear
Philosophy
" This is the reality of nuclear weapons: they may trigger a world war; a war which, unlike previous ones, destroys all of civilization. "
Joseph Rotblat
May
World
War
" Several studies, and a number of public statements by senior military and political personalities, testify that - except for disputes between the present nuclear states - all military conflicts, as well as threats to peace, can be dealt with using conventional weapons. "
Joseph Rotblat
Military
Political
Peace
" The Cold War is over but Cold War thinking survives. "
Joseph Rotblat
War
Thinking
Over
" But scientists on both sides of the iron curtain played a very significant role in maintaining the momentum of the nuclear arms race throughout the four decades of the Cold War. "
Joseph Rotblat
Race
Both Sides
Cold
" Indeed, the whole human species is endangered, by nuclear weapons or by other means of wholesale destruction which further advances in science are likely to produce. "
Joseph Rotblat
Nuclear Weapons
Other
Human
" Long before the terrifying potential of the arms race was recognized, there was a widespread instinctive abhorrence of nuclear weapons, and a strong desire to get rid of them. "
Joseph Rotblat
Desire
Potential
Race
" From my earliest days I had a passion for science. "
Joseph Rotblat
Days
Earliest
Had
" If the militarily most powerful - and least threatened - states need nuclear weapons for their security, how can one deny such security to countries that are truly insecure? The present nuclear policy is a recipe for proliferation. It is a policy for disaster. "
Joseph Rotblat
Security
Most
Need
" There is no direct evidence that nuclear weapons prevented a world war. Conversely, it is known that they nearly caused one. "
Joseph Rotblat
War
Nuclear Weapons
Evidence
" All nuclear weapon states should now recognize that this is so, and declare - in Treaty form - that they will never be the first to use nuclear weapons. This would open the way to the gradual, mutual reduction of nuclear arsenals, down to zero. "
Joseph Rotblat
Will
Way
Open
" As for the assertion that nuclear weapons prevent wars, how many more wars are needed to refute this arguments? Tens of millions have died in the many wars that have taken place since 1945. "
Joseph Rotblat
Many
Nuclear Weapons
How
" Let me remind you that nuclear disarmament is not just an ardent desire of the people, as expressed in many resolutions of the United Nations. It is a legal commitment by the five official nuclear states, entered into when they signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty. "
Joseph Rotblat
People
Commitment
Just
" I did not imagine that the second half of my life would be spent on efforts to avert a mortal danger to humanity created by science. "
Joseph Rotblat
Life
Science
Humanity
" We are told that the possession of nuclear weapons - in some cases even the testing of these weapons - is essential for national security. But this argument can be made by other countries as well. "
Joseph Rotblat
Well
Testing
Security
" The decision to use the atom bomb on Japanese cities, and the consequent buildup of enormous nuclear arsenals, was made by governments, on the basis of political and military perceptions. "
Joseph Rotblat
Use
Political
Decision
" When the START 2 treaty has been implemented - and remember it has not yet been ratified - we will be left with some 15,000 nuclear warheads, active and in reserve. Fifteen thousand weapons with an average yield of 20 Hiroshima bombs. "
Joseph Rotblat
Will
Active
Average
" I saw science as being in harmony with humanity. "
Joseph Rotblat
Being
Saw
Science
" The most terrifying moment in my life was October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis. I did not know all the facts - we have learned only recently how close we were to war - but I knew enough to make me tremble. "
Joseph Rotblat
Moment
Me
October
" So I ask the nuclear powers to abandon the out-of-date thinking of the Cold War period and take a fresh look. Above all, I appeal to them to bear in mind the long-term threat that nuclear weapons pose to humankind and to begin action towards their elimination. "
Joseph Rotblat
Thinking
Mind
Look
" I appeal to my fellow scientists to remember their responsibility to humanity. "
Joseph Rotblat
Remember
Responsibility
Humanity
" My third appeal is to my fellow citizens in all countries: Help us to establish lasting peace in the world. "
Joseph Rotblat
Citizens
Help
Peace
" Indeed, the very first resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations - adopted unanimously - called for the elimination of nuclear weapons. "
Joseph Rotblat
Nuclear Weapons
United Nations
First
" But the nuclear powers still cling tenaciously to their weapons. "
Joseph Rotblat
Still
Cling
Powers
" To sum up, there is no evidence that a world without nuclear weapons would be a dangerous world. On the contrary, it would be a safer world, as I will show later. "
Joseph Rotblat
Dangerous
World
Will
" But the first the general public learned about the discovery was the news of the destruction of Hiroshima by the atom bomb. A splendid achievement of science and technology had turned malign. Science became identified with death and destruction. "
Joseph Rotblat
Death
Science
Achievement
" At a time when science plays such a powerful role in the life of society, when the destiny of the whole of mankind may hinge on the results of scientific research, it is incumbent on all scientists to be fully conscious of that role, and conduct themselves accordingly. "
Joseph Rotblat
Society
Time
Powerful
" This means that the only function of nuclear weapons, while they exist, is to deter a nuclear attack. "
Joseph Rotblat
Function
Attack
Only
" The time has come to formulate guidelines for the ethical conduct of scientist, perhaps in the form of a voluntary Hippocratic Oath. "
Joseph Rotblat
Oath
Time
Come