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" Species can be recognized by their morphological characteristics and songs. "

Characteristics

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" We observe closely related species in sympatry and infer how they evolved from a common ancestor. "

" Evidence of epistasis from hybridization studies is more scarce. "

" Islands are known to differ in the food supply available to ground finches, mainly seeds. "

" Thus mating of females was strictly along the lines of paternal song. "

" Exchange of breeding individuals between two populations tends to homogenize their gene pools. "

" The independent role of morphology in mate choice is revealed by the rare instances where the usual association between song and morphology is disrupted. "

" To summarize, the particular song a male sings, and the behavioral responses of females to song and morphological signals, are not genetically inherited in a fixed manner but are determined by learning early in life. "

" The theory of founder effects does not explain how novel features like plumage traits arise. "

" The process of speciation is completed with the cessation of genetic exchange. "

" Closely related species of birds are also chromosomally similar. "

" The divergence of songs in the new population away from those in the progenitor population would only be prevented if these processes were balanced by repeated immigration and subsequent breeding: song flow. "

" Almost nothing is known from hybridization studies about the inheritance of courtship behavior of females, or of their responsiveness to particular male signals. "

" Thus the genetic basis to the origin of bird species is to be sought in the inheritance of adult traits that are subject to natural and sexual selection. "

" Plumage features constitute a major component of courtship signals. "

" Genes that underlie the capacity to receive, use and transmit information are the evolving properties. "