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" While it was an experiment to bring them together, nothing has divided Europe as much as the euro. "
Joseph Stiglitz
Nothing
Bring
Divided
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" A single currency entails a fixed interest rate, which means countries can't manage their own currency to suit their own needs. You need a variety of institutions to help nations for which the policies aren't well suited. Europe introduced the euro without providing those structures. "
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" Too many countries of the former Soviet bloc remain under the control of authoritarian leaders, including some, like the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, who have learned how to maintain a more convincing facade of elections than their communist predecessors. "
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" The IP standards advanced countries favour typically are designed not to maximise innovation and scientific progress, but to maximise the profits of big pharmaceutical companies and others able to sway trade negotiations. "
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" In the end, the politics of the euro zone weren't strong enough to create a fully integrated fiscal union with a common banking system, etc. "
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" The euro zone was driven by the neoliberal view that markets are always efficient. That in itself is political. There was no pressing economic need that the euro was required to solve, but leaders believed that it would foster growth. "
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" One of the arguments I make for the failure of the euro is that, at the time it was being constructed, there was a 'neo-liberal' ideology which said that all we need to do to make this thing work is to get deficits low, keep inflation low, and take down barriers, and then everything would be fine. "
Joseph Stiglitz
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" If manufacturing jobs do come back to the U.S., they will be done by robots in hi-tech parts of the country rather than the Rust Belt states. "
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" Trump can bring jobs back, but they will be minimal-wage jobs, not the high-paying jobs of the 1950s. "
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" I'm enough of a political junkie to know if you have large numbers of people much worse off, you're going to have consequences. "
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" Trump sees the world in terms of a zero-sum game. In reality, globalisation, if well managed, is a positive-sum force: America gains if its friends and allies - whether Australia, the E.U., or Mexico - are stronger. But Trump's approach threatens to turn it into a negative-sum game: America will lose, too. "
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" The diversity of Europe is its strength. But for a single currency to work, over a region with enormous economic and political diversity, is not easy. "
Joseph Stiglitz
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" The reality is that what we did in 2010 with the Dodd-Frank wasn't enough. "
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Reality
" The Paris climate agreement may be a harbinger of the spirit and mindset needed to sustain genuine global cooperation. "
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Spirit
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" Donald Trump's astonishing victory in the U.S. presidential election has made one thing abundantly clear: too many Americans - particularly white male Americans - feel left behind. "
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Behind
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" Trump assumed office promising to 'drain the swamp' in Washington, D.C. Instead, the swamp has grown wider and deeper. "
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" It's very hard to persuade a young person who has seen the Great Recession, who has seen all the problems with inequality, to tell them inequality is not important and that markets are always efficient. They'd think you're crazy. "
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Crazy
Great
" In addition to offering benefits to those who invest, carry out research, and create jobs, higher taxes on land and real-estate speculation would redirect capital toward productivity-enhancing spending - the key to long-term improvement in living standards. "
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Improvement
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" There must have been something in the air of Gary that led one into economics: the first Nobel Prize winner, Paul Samuelson, was also from Gary, as were several other distinguished economists. "
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Been
Winner
First
" European officials thought that austerity was part of what they called their 'convergence policies,' of trying to bring countries together. Instead, it actually made things worse. There's more inequality within countries and more disparity across countries. "
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Together
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" Economists often like startling theorems, results which seem to run counter to conventional wisdom. "
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Like
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Results
" There is something about the mindset of a scientist that is different - an awareness of uncertainty, modeling, proof. "
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Mindset
Uncertainty
" People at the top spend less money than those at the bottom, so when you have redistribution toward the top, aggregate demand goes down. Unless you intervene, you're going to have a weak economy unless something else happens. "
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You
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" International lending banks need to focus on areas where private investment doesn't go, such as infrastructure projects, education and poverty relief. "
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Education
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" There is a broad consensus, not only in the United States but in most of the world, that if you are in an economic downturn, you need to stimulate. Germany seems to be an exception. "
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Economic
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" Letting bygones be bygones is a basic principle in economics. "
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" Donald J. Trump has the good fortune of taking office as the economy is finally recovering from the 2008 crisis. "
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" One of the things that happens when you have austerity is that wages get lower, and some people think lower wages in the short run can increase corporate profits. "
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Run
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" I went to Amherst because my brother had gone there before me, and he went there because his guidance counselor thought that we would do better there than at a large university like Harvard. "
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" Those who have contributed great positive innovations to our society, from the pioneers of genetic understanding to the pioneers of the Information Age, have received a pittance compared with those responsible for the financial innovations that brought our global economy to the brink of ruin. "
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" What I argued in 'The Great Divide' is that societies can't function without trust, both politically and economically. "
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Trust
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