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" As people do a task, they improve at it. "
Emily Oster
Task
People
Improve
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" Economists typically think that your happiness goes up as you get more money, but the more you have, the less each additional dollar matters. This means that you value money most in times when you have less income and more expenses. "
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" The basic idea that incentives can be used to motivate behavior is a powerful one. It works for employees, and it has a clear place in parenting, as anyone who has tried to potty-train a recalcitrant toddler with sticker rewards knows. "
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Place
" Even if you are planning a birth with an epidural, the evidence suggests that a doula can help make things go much more smoothly. "
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" The biggest food-related risk in pregnancy is listeria. It's a dangerous bacteria, to which pregnant women are especially susceptible, that can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth. "
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" The main concern with a very large baby is difficulty in delivery. "
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" One of the big take-aways from a lot of economic theory is that people should engage in consumption smoothing. "
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" There is some risk to increase birth defects if you do a lot of outdoor gardening when you are pregnant. That can increase rates of toxoplasmosis. "
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Gardening
Risk
Lot
" To put it mildly, I'm not crazy about the implication that pregnant women are incapable of deciding for themselves. "
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" My first summer in college I worked in a fruit fly lab where I had two jobs: dissect the fruit fly larvae brains and incinerate the old tubes of flies. "
Emily Oster
College
Two
Summer
" If you asked me which gives me more joy, my work or my family, there is no question that it's my family. Hands down. If I had to give one up, it wouldn't even be a contest. "
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" The claim that SpongeBob makes your child dumber is a causal claim. If you do X, Y will happen. To prove that, you'd have to show that if you forced the children in the no-TV households to watch SpongeBob and changed nothing else about their lives, they would do worse in school. "
Emily Oster
School
Children
Nothing
" Economists actually disagree about whether there are significant economic returns from attending an elite college versus a less-selective one. "
Emily Oster
Economic
Economists
College
" Almost every woman I have spoken to about pregnancy has a story about her doctor giving her a hard time about her weight. Later in my pregnancy it felt like all of my time with my doctor was focused on how fat I was getting - so fat! "
Emily Oster
Time
Woman
Giving
" I had always been told that you shouldn't clean the litter box when you're pregnant, because of your cat. And I think that is overblown - unless you have, like, three kittens in your house that are living outside and eating raw meat, this shouldn't really be a significant source of concern. "
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Eating
House
Living
" When I meet people on airplanes and they find out I'm an economist, they usually ask about stock tips. "
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People
Out
About
" Nausea is a normal but unpleasant effect of pregnancy and a really good sign that it is going well. Women who experience nausea in early pregnancy are less likely to miscarry. "
Emily Oster
Normal
Early
Experience
" Adhering to budgeting rules shouldn't trump good decision-making. "
Emily Oster
Trump
Decision-Making
Good
" I think women - relative to men - tend to feel that they have to do the household chores on top of everything else. This becomes even worse once you have kids. It's enough to have a full time job; a full time job plus a family is even more. "
Emily Oster
Think
Time
Men
" You work hard for your income, and that hard work is what fuels the economy. "
Emily Oster
Work
Hard Work
Economy
" Lovingly crafted and super-creative cupcakes are not exactly on tap in my household after a full day at work, and I do not blame my mother for a second that they were not on tap in hers, either. "
Emily Oster
Work
Second
Mother
" I tell my micro students everything I teach them is important, but the truth is that some things are more useful than others, and opportunity cost is near the top. "
Emily Oster
Important
Opportunity
Truth
" Because economics is all about optimising, doing the best you can with what you have - it's usually the first place you should look for answers if you want to maximise your happiness. "
Emily Oster
Best
Doing
You
" I travel a fair amount, read on the plane, and I read fast. "
Emily Oster
Plane
Fair
Fast
" I've always loved doing research. I remember doing a research project on the Babylonian numeral system in the eighth grade and thinking, 'This is pretty awesome - is this really a job you can have?' This led me toward a career as an academic, although it took me until college to realise that economics was the right field. "
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Job
College
Thinking
" Every time you have a carrot instead of a cookie, every time you go to the gym instead of going to the movies, that's a costly investment in your health. But how much you want to invest is going to depend on how much longer you expect to live in the future, even if you don't make those investments. "
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Movies
Live
Health
" No one likes doing chores. In happiness surveys, housework is ranked down there with commuting as activities that people enjoy the least. Maybe that's why figuring out who does which chores usually prompts, at best, tense discussion in a household and, at worst, outright fighting. "
Emily Oster
Happiness
Enjoy
People
" How much is an hour of your time worth? It's worth whatever wage you would get if you spent that hour working. If you work for an hourly rate, this is an easy calculation. Even if you work for a salary and a fixed number of hours, the principle is the same: It's whatever your salary works out to per hour. "
Emily Oster
Salary
Time
Work
" In short, humans are programmed to get bored. "
Emily Oster
Get
Short
Bored
" Prenatal testing is a complicated decision for many women, forcing us to confront concerns about a disabled child and risks of miscarriage. "
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Decision
Child
Women
" Feminists of my mother's generation argued that both mom and dad should work a little less and each do some of the household chores. My parents, for example, split everything 50/50. Even though my father is a terrible cook, he still made dinner exactly half the time. "
Emily Oster
Parents
Time
Work