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" In societies where one sees a higher prevalence of 'modern values' - individualism, vitalism and self-expression - there's also higher reported job satisfaction. "
Edmund Phelps
Where
Job
Modern
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" In countries operating a largely capitalist system, there does not appear to be a wide understanding among its actors and overseers of either its advantages or its hazards. "
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" Economists of a classical bent lay a large part of the decline of employment, and thus lagging output, to a contraction of labour supply. "
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" What brought mass innovation to a nation was not scientific advances - its own or others' - but 'economic dynamism': the desire and the space to innovate. "
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" You have little representation of young black men in the business sector, so you have children growing up in disadvantaged neighborhoods who don't hear discussions at the dinner table about what goes on in business. It's almost as if we have two nations. "
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" I don't think the economy telegraphs very clearly where it's going. "
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" As a grandson of farmers in downstate Illinois, I have long admired the dedication of farmers to their work and have written about the role of agriculture in American innovation. "
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" After a major loss of dynamism in the 1960s, productivity growth rates began dropping in most countries, falling by half in the U.S. in the 1970s and more or less ceasing altogether in France, Germany and Britain in the late 1990s. "
Edmund Phelps
Late
Half
Growth
" For decades, my research was driven by outstanding problems in macroeconomics: mainly growth theory and employment theory. "
Edmund Phelps
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Problems
Growth
" A nation's economy is more than its markets, tastes, technologies and property rights. "
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Rights
Economy
More
" In the 1960s, and stretching back to the 1930s, it was felt by many economists that easy money is a reliable way to increase employment. "
Edmund Phelps
Stretching
Way
Easy
" At the simplest level, economics can better show us the consequences of our actions. Less simple are cases in which we don't have the knowledge to predict the full consequences. Global warming and climate change are examples. "
Edmund Phelps
Better
Knowledge
Change
" I'm old enough to remember in the 1930s and the 1940s when thrift, frugality, was considered an important virtue. "
Edmund Phelps
Old
Remember
Enough
" Well into the 20th century, scholars viewed economic advances as resulting from commercial innovations enabled by the discoveries of scientists - discoveries that come from outside the economy and out of the blue. "
Edmund Phelps
Outside
Blue
Well
" I started to think about what drives innovation and what its social significance might be. The next step was to think innovators are taking a leap into the unknown. That led me to the thought that it is also a source of fun and employee engagement. "
Edmund Phelps
Step
Thought
Innovation
" Narrow banks could restart effective intermediation and ensure that consumers and employment-creating small and medium-size enterprises are adequately financed and can contribute to the reactivation of the economy. "
Edmund Phelps
Consumers
Small
Economy
" Developing new products is labour- intensive. So is producing the capital goods needed to make them. These jobs disappear when innovation stalls. "
Edmund Phelps
New
Disappear
Innovation
" Corporatist attitudes against capitalism came to the fore in the 1920s. Corporatists, with their conservative values, hated the invasion of towns and regions by new businesses, upsetting traditional ways, wealth and status. "
Edmund Phelps
Capitalism
Wealth
Values
" To pump up consumer or government demand would force interest rates up and asset prices down, possibly by enough to destroy more jobs than are created. "
Edmund Phelps
More
Government
Enough
" When public spending in the form of transfer payments makes various services and benefits free of charge, work is discouraged. Yet it is precisely Social Security that legislators fear to cut. "
Edmund Phelps
Security
Discouraged
Fear
" I think the 19th century is an extraordinary period with a welling up of creativity and all kinds of experimentation and exploration going on at least until 1940. "
Edmund Phelps
Creativity
Exploration
Think
" Those of us born into vitalist and expressionist cultures must hope that governments will draw back from shutting down the modernist project of exploring, experimenting, and imagining - of voyaging into the unknown - that has been essential for rewarding lives. "
Edmund Phelps
Hope
Exploring
Down
" Workers in decent jobs view the economy as unjust if they or their children have virtually no chance of climbing to a higher rung in the socioeconomic ladder. "
Edmund Phelps
Economy
Children
View
" An indictment of entitlements has to focus on the huge 'social wealth' that the welfare state creates at the stroke of the pen. Yet statistical tests of the effects of welfare spending on employment yield erratic results. "
Edmund Phelps
Focus
Tests
Pen
" My view is that innovation has declined in the everyday processes that businesses tinker with incrementally as they try to become more productive over time. "
Edmund Phelps
Try
Everyday
View
" Things can get only so bad. People want to eat, so at some point they resist further cuts to their consumption - it's not a bottomless pit. "
Edmund Phelps
Eat
Only
People
" America's peak years of indigenous innovation ran from the 1820s to the 1960s. There were a few financial panics and two depressions, to be sure. But in this period, a frenzy of creative activity, economic competition and rapid growth in national income provided widening economic inclusion, rising wages for all, and engaging careers for most. "
Edmund Phelps
Growth
Competition
America
" Without being aware, I think I was being indoctrinated into what was called Vitalism, the idea that what makes life worth living, the good life, consists of accepting challenges, solving problems, discovery, personal growth, personal change. "
Edmund Phelps
Life
Challenges
Change
" Chancellor Angela Merkel and Wolfgang Schaeuble, her finance minister, are right to oppose fiscal and bank unions without political union. "
Edmund Phelps
Right
Bank
Finance
" I attended Amherst College from 1951 to 1955. The first two years were a revelation. There were innumerable exchanges with brilliant classmates, among them the playwright Ralph Allen, the classics scholar Robert Fagles, and the composer Michael Sahl. "
Edmund Phelps
Brilliant
Two
College
" Expertise and judgment in the art of lending for novel ventures must be reacquired. "
Edmund Phelps
Expertise
Must
Judgment