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" Foul-ups in testing are not uncommon, especially when the test setup is being tried for the first time. "
Henry Spencer
First Time
Test
Testing
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" Solid-fuel rockets can't easily be shut down on command. "
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Command
Shut
Down
" As plans for the first lunar landing started to be made, nobody had really thought about who would be out first. "
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Nobody
Plans
First
" Large solid rockets have never been a very good way to build launchers that might have crews on top, especially because of the problems in getting the crew away from a failing launcher. "
Henry Spencer
Problems
Build
Good
" Since SpaceX's very beginnings, they have talked about recovering and reusing at least the first stages of their rockets. "
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About
Beginnings
First
" Sure, there were hopes that Constellation's systems could later be adapted to support more ambitious goals. But Apollo had those hopes, too. It didn't work in 1970, and it wasn't going to work in 2020. "
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Work
Goals
Support
" The Orion capsule uses an escape system quite like that of the Apollo spacecraft in the 1960s and 70s: an 'escape tower' containing a solid-fuel rocket that will pull it up and away from Ares I in a pinch. "
Henry Spencer
Up
Rocket
Space
" Sometimes a malfunctioning test setup actually gives the tested system a chance to show what it can do in an unrehearsed emergency. During a test of an Apollo escape system in the 1960s, the escape system successfully got the capsule clear of a malfunctioning test rocket. "
Henry Spencer
Test
Chance
Escape
" Technically and financially, it might still make sense to give up on Ares I and simply write off the money spent on it, but politically, that's probably impossible. "
Henry Spencer
Money
Impossible
Off
" If your goal is to change the world, you can't start by doing things the same old way because it sells better. "
Henry Spencer
Start
Change The World
World
" Claiming that solid rockets are necessary for a heavy-lift launcher is obvious nonsense. "
Henry Spencer
Solid
Necessary
Nonsense
" SpaceX does seem to have had a run of bad luck, with its first three launches all failing. "
Henry Spencer
Bad Luck
First
Three
" Developing expendable rockets is always going to be painful and expensive. Throwing the whole rocket away on each attempt not only costs a lot, it also hampers figuring out just what went wrong because you don't get the rocket back for inspection. "
Henry Spencer
Always
Going
Painful
" In the long run, it's impossible to make progress without sometimes having setbacks, although people who get lucky on their first attempt sometimes forget this. "
Henry Spencer
Long
People
Progress
" Not until the space shuttle started flying did NASA concede that some astronauts didn't have to be fast-jet pilots. And at that point, sure enough, women started becoming astronauts. "
Henry Spencer
Enough
Women
NASA
" Speaking of photography, while the Apollo 8 crew shot hundreds of photos, there was one that got everybody's attention: a blue-and-white Earth rising over a gray moonscape. "
Henry Spencer
Earth
Gray
Attention
" Sometimes people wonder why aeroplanes are so cheap and rockets are so expensive. Even the most superficial comparison shows one obvious difference: aeroplane engines use outside air to burn their fuel, while rockets have to carry their own oxidisers along. "
Henry Spencer
Wonder
Burn
Space
" Past experience, on the shuttle and the Titan rockets, suggests that large multi-segment solid rockets have a probability of failure of 0.5 to 1 per cent. "
Henry Spencer
Probability
Past
Failure
" In 1960-61, a small group of female pilots went through many of the same medical tests as the Mercury astronauts and scored very well on them - in fact, better than some of the astronauts did. "
Henry Spencer
Group
Tests
Small
" Trying to build a spaceship by making an aeroplane fly faster and higher is like trying to build an aeroplane by making locomotives faster and lighter - with a lot of effort, perhaps you could get something that more or less works, but it really isn't the right way to proceed. "
Henry Spencer
Way
Fly
Trying
" My one concern is that when money gets tight, it's easy to cut R&D funding that isn't tied to a specific project - look at what's happened to NASA's aviation research. "
Henry Spencer
Money
Easy
Look
" The original specifications for Apollo navigation called for the ability to fly a complete mission, including a lunar landing, with no help from Earth - none, not even voice communications. "
Henry Spencer
Earth
Apollo
Voice
" In the first few years, it was at least plausible to come in in the morning and read all the Usenet traffic that had come in, and 15 minutes later be off doing something useful. "
Henry Spencer
First
Doing
Years
" Is manned space exploration important? Yes - not least because it simply works much better than sending robots. "
Henry Spencer
Important
Space
Exploration
" Whether solid rockets are more or less likely to fail than liquid-fuel rockets is debatable. More serious, though, is that when they do fail, it's usually violent and spectacular. "
Henry Spencer
Serious
Spectacular
Fail
" The communications delays between Earth and Mars can be half an hour or more, so the people on the ground can't participate minute by minute in Mars surface activities. "
Henry Spencer
More
People
Earth
" NASA has never had a problem finding capable people to be astronauts. NASA's problem was, and still is, finding ways to cut the list of capable applicants down to a manageable length. "
Henry Spencer
People
Down
Finding
" One of the headaches of high-tech test programmes is having to debug the test arrangements before you can start debugging the things you're trying to test. "
Henry Spencer
Test
Start
Before
" Testing a parachute drop of a heavy object is not simple. "
Henry Spencer
Simple
Parachute
Heavy
" The key virtue of orbital assembly is that it eliminates the tight connection between the size of the expedition and the size of the rockets used to launch it. "
Henry Spencer
Virtue
Launch
Connection
" Liquid oxygen is one of the cheapest manufactured substances on Earth. In large quantities, it costs pennies per kilogram - cheaper than milk or beer. "
Henry Spencer
Cheaper
Than
Milk