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" Testing a parachute drop of a heavy object is not simple. "
Henry Spencer
Simple
Parachute
Heavy
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" Large solid rockets have never been a very good way to build launchers that might have crews on top, especially because of the problems in getting the crew away from a failing launcher. "
Henry Spencer
Problems
Build
Good
" Claiming that solid rockets are necessary for a heavy-lift launcher is obvious nonsense. "
Henry Spencer
Solid
Necessary
Nonsense
" The Moon may not be quite as appealing as Mars, but it's still a complex and poorly understood world, with many questions still unanswered. "
Henry Spencer
Moon
World
Questions
" Solid-fuel rockets can't easily be shut down on command. "
Henry Spencer
Command
Shut
Down
" On the technical side, Apollo 8 was mainly a test flight for the Saturn V and the Apollo spacecraft. The main spacecraft system that needed testing on a real lunar flight was the onboard navigation system. "
Henry Spencer
Flight
Real
System
" SpaceX does seem to have had a run of bad luck, with its first three launches all failing. "
Henry Spencer
Bad Luck
First
Three
" Is manned space exploration important? Yes - not least because it simply works much better than sending robots. "
Henry Spencer
Important
Space
Exploration
" The original specifications for Apollo navigation called for the ability to fly a complete mission, including a lunar landing, with no help from Earth - none, not even voice communications. "
Henry Spencer
Earth
Apollo
Voice
" The demise of Constellation is not the death of a dream. It's just the end of an illusion. "
Henry Spencer
Just
Illusion
End
" Spaceflight, especially in the Mercury spacecraft, clearly wasn't going to be much like flying an airplane. "
Henry Spencer
Flying
Much
Like
" In the long run, it's impossible to make progress without sometimes having setbacks, although people who get lucky on their first attempt sometimes forget this. "
Henry Spencer
Long
People
Progress
" Whether solid rockets are more or less likely to fail than liquid-fuel rockets is debatable. More serious, though, is that when they do fail, it's usually violent and spectacular. "
Henry Spencer
Serious
Spectacular
Fail
" Developing expendable rockets is always going to be painful and expensive. Throwing the whole rocket away on each attempt not only costs a lot, it also hampers figuring out just what went wrong because you don't get the rocket back for inspection. "
Henry Spencer
Always
Going
Painful
" Historically, the U.S.'s big launchers fly seldom enough that their costs are dominated by annual upkeep of facilities and staff, not by the actual cost of each launch. The expensive part is maintaining the launch capability, not actually conducting launches. "
Henry Spencer
Big
Cost
Costs
" My one concern is that when money gets tight, it's easy to cut R&D funding that isn't tied to a specific project - look at what's happened to NASA's aviation research. "
Henry Spencer
Money
Easy
Look
" Foul-ups in testing are not uncommon, especially when the test setup is being tried for the first time. "
Henry Spencer
First Time
Test
Testing
" Rocket engines generally are simpler than jet engines, not more complicated. "
Henry Spencer
Complicated
Than
Rocket
" In a small spacecraft, it was hard for the other two guys to sleep when the on-duty man was talking to Mission Control regularly. "
Henry Spencer
Sleep
Mission
Small
" The key virtue of orbital assembly is that it eliminates the tight connection between the size of the expedition and the size of the rockets used to launch it. "
Henry Spencer
Virtue
Launch
Connection
" An experienced designer with more freedom to act might have realised that there was just too much optimism in the Ares I concept: that a shuttle SRB was simply too small as a first stage for a rocket carrying the relatively heavy Orion spacecraft. "
Henry Spencer
Optimism
Too Much
Small
" If your goal is to change the world, you can't start by doing things the same old way because it sells better. "
Henry Spencer
Start
Change The World
World
" Liquid oxygen is one of the cheapest manufactured substances on Earth. In large quantities, it costs pennies per kilogram - cheaper than milk or beer. "
Henry Spencer
Cheaper
Than
Milk
" It's true that Apollo 10's lander was overweight. Late in the craft's development, it became clear that its ballooning weight was endangering the whole mission. "
Henry Spencer
True
Development
Craft
" In 1960-61, a small group of female pilots went through many of the same medical tests as the Mercury astronauts and scored very well on them - in fact, better than some of the astronauts did. "
Henry Spencer
Group
Tests
Small
" The Apollo programme of the 1960s had some weight problems, too; in particular, the lunar lander needed some fairly drastic weight-reduction work. "
Henry Spencer
Apollo
Work
Weight
" As plans for the first lunar landing started to be made, nobody had really thought about who would be out first. "
Henry Spencer
Nobody
Plans
First
" Sometimes people wonder why aeroplanes are so cheap and rockets are so expensive. Even the most superficial comparison shows one obvious difference: aeroplane engines use outside air to burn their fuel, while rockets have to carry their own oxidisers along. "
Henry Spencer
Wonder
Burn
Space
" NASA has never had a problem finding capable people to be astronauts. NASA's problem was, and still is, finding ways to cut the list of capable applicants down to a manageable length. "
Henry Spencer
People
Down
Finding
" Sure, there were hopes that Constellation's systems could later be adapted to support more ambitious goals. But Apollo had those hopes, too. It didn't work in 1970, and it wasn't going to work in 2020. "
Henry Spencer
Work
Goals
Support
" Trying to build a spaceship by making an aeroplane fly faster and higher is like trying to build an aeroplane by making locomotives faster and lighter - with a lot of effort, perhaps you could get something that more or less works, but it really isn't the right way to proceed. "
Henry Spencer
Way
Fly
Trying