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" I was born in Vienna on November 7, 1929, eleven years after the multiethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire fell apart following its defeat in World War I. "
Eric Kandel
World War I
Defeat
World
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" I found working in the lab is so completely different than reading a textbook about it. You know, you're planning strategies; you're working with your own hands. There's essential satisfaction in running experiments. "
Eric Kandel
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Know
Own
" I would not necessarily say that scientists and artists need to collaborate with one another, but it would be helpful for them to talk to one another to, perhaps, give rise to specific ideas that may or may not be carried out together. "
Eric Kandel
Need
Say
Rise
" Memory has always fascinated me. Think of it. You can recall at will your first day in high school, your first date, your first love. "
Eric Kandel
Me
School
Memory
" In order to produce learned fear, you take a neutral stimulus like a tone, and you pair it with an electrical shock. Tone, shock. Tone, shock. So the animal learns that the tone is bad news. But you can also do the opposite - shock it at other times, but never when the tone comes on. "
Eric Kandel
Bad
News
You
" It may act as an ancillary factor, but by itself, the mutation in tau doesn't give you Alzheimer's disease. This is not to say the tau is not very important. It may be important in propagating the disorder from one cell to another. But as a causal mechanism, the evidence is strongest for beta amyloid abnormalities. "
Eric Kandel
Evidence
You
Say
" In the 1950s and early 1960s, psychoanalysis swept through the intellectual community, and it was the dominant mode of thinking about the mind. People felt that this was a completely new set of insights into human motivation, and that its therapeutic potential was significant. "
Eric Kandel
Community
People
Mind
" One of the wonderful things about Internet is it's like a salon. It brings people together from different intellectual walks of life. "
Eric Kandel
People
Together
Like
" I was reluctant to be critical of the United States because I thought the United States could do no wrong; that the government could not lie to its people. "
Eric Kandel
People
Government
Lie
" One of the ultimate challenges for biology is to understand the brain's processing of unconscious and conscious perception, emotion, and empathy. "
Eric Kandel
Empathy
Perception
Brain
" As you know, in most areas of science, there are long periods of beginning before we really make progress. "
Eric Kandel
Long
Science
Progress
" Rather than studying the most complex form of memory in a very complicated animal, we had to take the most simple form - an implicit form of memory - in a very simple animal. So I began to look around for very simple animals. And I focused in on the marine snail Aplysia. "
Eric Kandel
Look
Simple
Memory
" I like problems at the borders of disciplines. One of the reasons that neurobiology of learning and memory appeal to me so much was that I liked the idea of bringing biology and psychology together. "
Eric Kandel
Memory
Together
Learning
" The biology of mind bridges the sciences - concerned with the natural world - and the humanities - concerned with the meaning of human experience. "
Eric Kandel
Human
Mind
World
" When I was a medical student in the 1950s, we practically never spoke about Alzheimer's disease. And why is that so? And that is because people didn't live long enough to have Alzheimer's disease. "
Eric Kandel
Enough
Long
Live
" Since Socrates and Plato first speculated on the nature of the human mind, serious thinkers through the ages - from Aristotle to Descartes, from Aeschylus to Strindberg and Ingmar Bergman - have thought it wise to understand oneself and one's behavior. "
Eric Kandel
Behavior
Thought
Wise
" There was little in my early life to indicate that an interest in biology would become the passion of my academic career. In fact, there was little to suggest I would have an academic career. "
Eric Kandel
Life
Passion
Biology
" I had many moments of disappointment, despondency, and exhaustion, but I always found that by reading the literature and showing up at my lab looking at the data as they emerged day by day and discussing them with my students and postdoctoral fellows, I would gain a notion of what to do next. "
Eric Kandel
Reading
Disappointment
Looking
" If you have a lesion in the hippocampus in both sides, you have short term memory, but you can convert that short term memory into long term memory. "
Eric Kandel
You
Memory
Long
" Long-term memory involves enduring changes that result from the growth of new synaptic connections. "
Eric Kandel
Changes
Memory
Growth
" I've been collecting art for much of my adult life. I started around 1960. And my wife and I really enjoy art a great deal. We don't have a lot of money, so we have works on paper, but we enjoy them a great deal. "
Eric Kandel
Enjoy
Wife
Money
" Ever since the Enlightenment, people thought that we were living in a rational universe. They thought that God was a mathematician and that the function of the scientist was to figure out the mathematical rules whereby the universe was created. "
Eric Kandel
People
God
Universe
" The problem of psychoanalysis is not the body of theory that Freud left behind, but the fact that it never became a medical science. It never tried to test its ideas. "
Eric Kandel
Ideas
Science
Body
" I was interested in the nature of human mental processes, which is what got me interested in psychoanalysis. And it became clear to me after a while that mental processes come from the brain, and in order to understand them, you need to be a biologist of the brain. "
Eric Kandel
Nature
Me
Need
" If you read any of my books, they tend to have a strong historical perspective. "
Eric Kandel
Strong
Perspective
Read
" What the Ellison Foundation and I are hoping to encourage is a more holistic approach to psychiatry, in which psychotherapy is put on as rigorous a level as psychopharmacology. "
Eric Kandel
Encourage
Foundation
Put
" I went to medical school after having decided to do so somewhere between my junior and senior year at Harvard - very late. I initially wanted to be an intellectual historian. "
Eric Kandel
Intellectual
Late
School
" One can, in principle, outline sort of a set of neural circuits that are critically involved and even identify disorders that affect different components of that neural circuit and see what happens if you knock out, for example, inability to recognize faces, how it affects your response to portraiture. "
Eric Kandel
Different
Involved
You
" Modernism in Vienna brought together science and culture in a new way to create an Age of Insight that emphasized a more complex view of the human mind than had ever existed before. "
Eric Kandel
Mind
Culture
Age
" Indeed, artists, particularly modern artists, have intentionally limited the scope and vocabulary of their expression to convey, as Mark Rothko and Ad Reinhardt do, the most essential, even spiritual, ideas of their art. "
Eric Kandel
Spiritual
Ideas
Expression
" The problem for many people is that we cannot point to the underlying biological bases of most psychiatric disorders. In fact, we are nowhere near understanding them as well as we understand disorders of the liver or the heart. "
Eric Kandel
Problem
Understanding
People