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" Long-term memory involves enduring changes that result from the growth of new synaptic connections. "
Eric Kandel
Changes
Memory
Growth
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" My parents genuinely loved Vienna, and in later years I learned from them why the city exerted a powerful hold on them and other Jews. My parents loved the dialect of Vienna, its cultural sophistication, and artistic values. "
Eric Kandel
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" Modernism in Vienna brought together science and culture in a new way to create an Age of Insight that emphasized a more complex view of the human mind than had ever existed before. "
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" You learn emotional experiences as much as you learn cognitive experiences, except that they are more unconscious. Sometimes one represses the cognitive component of it, but it's often more difficult to repress the emotional component. "
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" Memory has always fascinated me. Think of it. You can recall at will your first day in high school, your first date, your first love. "
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Me
School
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" You could double the number of synaptic connections in a very simple neurocircuit as a result of experience and learning. The reason for that was that long-term memory alters the expression of genes in nerve cells, which is the cause of the growth of new synaptic connections. "
Eric Kandel
Growth
Experience
Simple
" I was interested in the nature of human mental processes, which is what got me interested in psychoanalysis. And it became clear to me after a while that mental processes come from the brain, and in order to understand them, you need to be a biologist of the brain. "
Eric Kandel
Nature
Me
Need
" Ever since the Enlightenment, people thought that we were living in a rational universe. They thought that God was a mathematician and that the function of the scientist was to figure out the mathematical rules whereby the universe was created. "
Eric Kandel
People
God
Universe
" Rather than studying the most complex form of memory in a very complicated animal, we had to take the most simple form - an implicit form of memory - in a very simple animal. So I began to look around for very simple animals. And I focused in on the marine snail Aplysia. "
Eric Kandel
Look
Simple
Memory
" One of the wonderful things about Internet is it's like a salon. It brings people together from different intellectual walks of life. "
Eric Kandel
People
Together
Like
" The problem for many people is that we cannot point to the underlying biological bases of most psychiatric disorders. In fact, we are nowhere near understanding them as well as we understand disorders of the liver or the heart. "
Eric Kandel
Problem
Understanding
People
" I was born in Vienna on November 7, 1929, eleven years after the multiethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire fell apart following its defeat in World War I. "
Eric Kandel
World War I
Defeat
World
" One of the ultimate challenges for biology is to understand the brain's processing of unconscious and conscious perception, emotion, and empathy. "
Eric Kandel
Empathy
Perception
Brain
" Early in my career, I was disappointed that psychoanalysis was not becoming more empirical, was not becoming more scientific. It was primarily concerned with individual patients. It wasn't trying to collect data from large groups of people who have been analyzed. "
Eric Kandel
People
Early
Data
" I found working in the lab is so completely different than reading a textbook about it. You know, you're planning strategies; you're working with your own hands. There's essential satisfaction in running experiments. "
Eric Kandel
Reading
Know
Own
" Indeed, artists, particularly modern artists, have intentionally limited the scope and vocabulary of their expression to convey, as Mark Rothko and Ad Reinhardt do, the most essential, even spiritual, ideas of their art. "
Eric Kandel
Spiritual
Ideas
Expression
" I had many moments of disappointment, despondency, and exhaustion, but I always found that by reading the literature and showing up at my lab looking at the data as they emerged day by day and discussing them with my students and postdoctoral fellows, I would gain a notion of what to do next. "
Eric Kandel
Reading
Disappointment
Looking
" The brain is a complex biological organ possessing immense computational capability: it constructs our sensory experience, regulates our thoughts and emotions, and controls our actions. "
Eric Kandel
Experience
Thoughts
Emotions
" I would not necessarily say that scientists and artists need to collaborate with one another, but it would be helpful for them to talk to one another to, perhaps, give rise to specific ideas that may or may not be carried out together. "
Eric Kandel
Need
Say
Rise
" I went to medical school after having decided to do so somewhere between my junior and senior year at Harvard - very late. I initially wanted to be an intellectual historian. "
Eric Kandel
Intellectual
Late
School
" My heart beats in three-quarter time. "
Eric Kandel
Heart
Beats
Time
" If you read any of my books, they tend to have a strong historical perspective. "
Eric Kandel
Strong
Perspective
Read
" In art, as in science, reductionism does not trivialize our perception - of color, light, and perspective - but allows us to see each of these components in a new way. "
Eric Kandel
Art
Science
Perspective
" If you have a lesion in the hippocampus in both sides, you have short term memory, but you can convert that short term memory into long term memory. "
Eric Kandel
You
Memory
Long
" My parents were not born in Vienna, but they had spent much of their lives there, having each come to the city at the beginning of World War I when they were still very young. "
Eric Kandel
Parents
City
Beginning
" There was little in my early life to indicate that an interest in biology would become the passion of my academic career. In fact, there was little to suggest I would have an academic career. "
Eric Kandel
Life
Passion
Biology
" One of the ultimate challenges of biology is to understand how the brain becomes consciously aware of perception, experience and emotion. But it is equally conceivable that the exchange would be useful for the beholders of art, for people who enjoy art, for historians, and for the artists themselves. "
Eric Kandel
Challenges
People
Art
" What the Ellison Foundation and I are hoping to encourage is a more holistic approach to psychiatry, in which psychotherapy is put on as rigorous a level as psychopharmacology. "
Eric Kandel
Encourage
Foundation
Put
" In order to produce learned fear, you take a neutral stimulus like a tone, and you pair it with an electrical shock. Tone, shock. Tone, shock. So the animal learns that the tone is bad news. But you can also do the opposite - shock it at other times, but never when the tone comes on. "
Eric Kandel
Bad
News
You
" Nerve cells communicate with one another at specialized points called synapses. And these synapses are plastic - they can be modified by learning. "
Eric Kandel
Plastic
Learning
Communicate
" I've been around a long time, and I've been interested in memory for a long time. And one of my earlier interests in molecular biology of memory led me to define the switch that converts short term to long term memory. "
Eric Kandel
Time
Long
Long Time