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" One of the ultimate challenges for biology is to understand the brain's processing of unconscious and conscious perception, emotion, and empathy. "
Eric Kandel
Empathy
Perception
Brain
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" Psychoanalysis has a degree of unreliability about it. You will never know whether you've found the truth. You may find a subjective truth, but you don't know. "
Eric Kandel
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" I like problems at the borders of disciplines. One of the reasons that neurobiology of learning and memory appeal to me so much was that I liked the idea of bringing biology and psychology together. "
Eric Kandel
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Together
Learning
" Nerve cells communicate with one another at specialized points called synapses. And these synapses are plastic - they can be modified by learning. "
Eric Kandel
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" I was interested in the nature of human mental processes, which is what got me interested in psychoanalysis. And it became clear to me after a while that mental processes come from the brain, and in order to understand them, you need to be a biologist of the brain. "
Eric Kandel
Nature
Me
Need
" The biology of mind bridges the sciences - concerned with the natural world - and the humanities - concerned with the meaning of human experience. "
Eric Kandel
Human
Mind
World
" I would not necessarily say that scientists and artists need to collaborate with one another, but it would be helpful for them to talk to one another to, perhaps, give rise to specific ideas that may or may not be carried out together. "
Eric Kandel
Need
Say
Rise
" I found working in the lab is so completely different than reading a textbook about it. You know, you're planning strategies; you're working with your own hands. There's essential satisfaction in running experiments. "
Eric Kandel
Reading
Know
Own
" A brain scan may reveal the neural signs of anxiety, but a Kokoschka painting, or a Schiele self-portrait, reveals what an anxiety state really feels like. Both perspectives are necessary if we are to fully grasp the nature of the mind, yet they are rarely brought together. "
Eric Kandel
Painting
Brain
Nature
" In the 1950s and early 1960s, psychoanalysis swept through the intellectual community, and it was the dominant mode of thinking about the mind. People felt that this was a completely new set of insights into human motivation, and that its therapeutic potential was significant. "
Eric Kandel
Community
People
Mind
" You could double the number of synaptic connections in a very simple neurocircuit as a result of experience and learning. The reason for that was that long-term memory alters the expression of genes in nerve cells, which is the cause of the growth of new synaptic connections. "
Eric Kandel
Growth
Experience
Simple
" The brain is a complex biological organ possessing immense computational capability: it constructs our sensory experience, regulates our thoughts and emotions, and controls our actions. "
Eric Kandel
Experience
Thoughts
Emotions
" I had many moments of disappointment, despondency, and exhaustion, but I always found that by reading the literature and showing up at my lab looking at the data as they emerged day by day and discussing them with my students and postdoctoral fellows, I would gain a notion of what to do next. "
Eric Kandel
Reading
Disappointment
Looking
" When I was a medical student in the 1950s, we practically never spoke about Alzheimer's disease. And why is that so? And that is because people didn't live long enough to have Alzheimer's disease. "
Eric Kandel
Enough
Long
Live
" In order to produce learned fear, you take a neutral stimulus like a tone, and you pair it with an electrical shock. Tone, shock. Tone, shock. So the animal learns that the tone is bad news. But you can also do the opposite - shock it at other times, but never when the tone comes on. "
Eric Kandel
Bad
News
You
" If you read any of my books, they tend to have a strong historical perspective. "
Eric Kandel
Strong
Perspective
Read
" It may act as an ancillary factor, but by itself, the mutation in tau doesn't give you Alzheimer's disease. This is not to say the tau is not very important. It may be important in propagating the disorder from one cell to another. But as a causal mechanism, the evidence is strongest for beta amyloid abnormalities. "
Eric Kandel
Evidence
You
Say
" As you know, in most areas of science, there are long periods of beginning before we really make progress. "
Eric Kandel
Long
Science
Progress
" One can, in principle, outline sort of a set of neural circuits that are critically involved and even identify disorders that affect different components of that neural circuit and see what happens if you knock out, for example, inability to recognize faces, how it affects your response to portraiture. "
Eric Kandel
Different
Involved
You
" I've been collecting art for much of my adult life. I started around 1960. And my wife and I really enjoy art a great deal. We don't have a lot of money, so we have works on paper, but we enjoy them a great deal. "
Eric Kandel
Enjoy
Wife
Money
" What the Ellison Foundation and I are hoping to encourage is a more holistic approach to psychiatry, in which psychotherapy is put on as rigorous a level as psychopharmacology. "
Eric Kandel
Encourage
Foundation
Put
" Ever since the Enlightenment, people thought that we were living in a rational universe. They thought that God was a mathematician and that the function of the scientist was to figure out the mathematical rules whereby the universe was created. "
Eric Kandel
People
God
Universe
" My parents genuinely loved Vienna, and in later years I learned from them why the city exerted a powerful hold on them and other Jews. My parents loved the dialect of Vienna, its cultural sophistication, and artistic values. "
Eric Kandel
Loved
City
Values
" There was little in my early life to indicate that an interest in biology would become the passion of my academic career. In fact, there was little to suggest I would have an academic career. "
Eric Kandel
Life
Passion
Biology
" You learn emotional experiences as much as you learn cognitive experiences, except that they are more unconscious. Sometimes one represses the cognitive component of it, but it's often more difficult to repress the emotional component. "
Eric Kandel
Sometimes
More
Learn
" One of the ultimate challenges of biology is to understand how the brain becomes consciously aware of perception, experience and emotion. But it is equally conceivable that the exchange would be useful for the beholders of art, for people who enjoy art, for historians, and for the artists themselves. "
Eric Kandel
Challenges
People
Art
" I've been around a long time, and I've been interested in memory for a long time. And one of my earlier interests in molecular biology of memory led me to define the switch that converts short term to long term memory. "
Eric Kandel
Time
Long
Long Time
" Indeed, artists, particularly modern artists, have intentionally limited the scope and vocabulary of their expression to convey, as Mark Rothko and Ad Reinhardt do, the most essential, even spiritual, ideas of their art. "
Eric Kandel
Spiritual
Ideas
Expression
" Rather than studying the most complex form of memory in a very complicated animal, we had to take the most simple form - an implicit form of memory - in a very simple animal. So I began to look around for very simple animals. And I focused in on the marine snail Aplysia. "
Eric Kandel
Look
Simple
Memory
" Memory has always fascinated me. Think of it. You can recall at will your first day in high school, your first date, your first love. "
Eric Kandel
Me
School
Memory
" Long-term memory involves enduring changes that result from the growth of new synaptic connections. "
Eric Kandel
Changes
Memory
Growth