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" Rocket engines generally are simpler than jet engines, not more complicated. "
Henry Spencer
Complicated
Than
Rocket
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" Sure, there were hopes that Constellation's systems could later be adapted to support more ambitious goals. But Apollo had those hopes, too. It didn't work in 1970, and it wasn't going to work in 2020. "
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Goals
Support
" Is manned space exploration important? Yes - not least because it simply works much better than sending robots. "
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" Speaking of photography, while the Apollo 8 crew shot hundreds of photos, there was one that got everybody's attention: a blue-and-white Earth rising over a gray moonscape. "
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" Spaceflight, especially in the Mercury spacecraft, clearly wasn't going to be much like flying an airplane. "
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" The key virtue of orbital assembly is that it eliminates the tight connection between the size of the expedition and the size of the rockets used to launch it. "
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Virtue
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Connection
" As plans for the first lunar landing started to be made, nobody had really thought about who would be out first. "
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Plans
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" In the long run, it's impossible to make progress without sometimes having setbacks, although people who get lucky on their first attempt sometimes forget this. "
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Long
People
Progress
" An experienced designer with more freedom to act might have realised that there was just too much optimism in the Ares I concept: that a shuttle SRB was simply too small as a first stage for a rocket carrying the relatively heavy Orion spacecraft. "
Henry Spencer
Optimism
Too Much
Small
" Whether solid rockets are more or less likely to fail than liquid-fuel rockets is debatable. More serious, though, is that when they do fail, it's usually violent and spectacular. "
Henry Spencer
Serious
Spectacular
Fail
" Not until the space shuttle started flying did NASA concede that some astronauts didn't have to be fast-jet pilots. And at that point, sure enough, women started becoming astronauts. "
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Enough
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NASA
" SpaceX does seem to have had a run of bad luck, with its first three launches all failing. "
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Bad Luck
First
Three
" On the technical side, Apollo 8 was mainly a test flight for the Saturn V and the Apollo spacecraft. The main spacecraft system that needed testing on a real lunar flight was the onboard navigation system. "
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Flight
Real
System
" Sometimes people wonder why aeroplanes are so cheap and rockets are so expensive. Even the most superficial comparison shows one obvious difference: aeroplane engines use outside air to burn their fuel, while rockets have to carry their own oxidisers along. "
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Wonder
Burn
Space
" The original specifications for Apollo navigation called for the ability to fly a complete mission, including a lunar landing, with no help from Earth - none, not even voice communications. "
Henry Spencer
Earth
Apollo
Voice
" Technically and financially, it might still make sense to give up on Ares I and simply write off the money spent on it, but politically, that's probably impossible. "
Henry Spencer
Money
Impossible
Off
" Sometimes a malfunctioning test setup actually gives the tested system a chance to show what it can do in an unrehearsed emergency. During a test of an Apollo escape system in the 1960s, the escape system successfully got the capsule clear of a malfunctioning test rocket. "
Henry Spencer
Test
Chance
Escape
" Foul-ups in testing are not uncommon, especially when the test setup is being tried for the first time. "
Henry Spencer
First Time
Test
Testing
" Developing expendable rockets is always going to be painful and expensive. Throwing the whole rocket away on each attempt not only costs a lot, it also hampers figuring out just what went wrong because you don't get the rocket back for inspection. "
Henry Spencer
Always
Going
Painful
" In a small spacecraft, it was hard for the other two guys to sleep when the on-duty man was talking to Mission Control regularly. "
Henry Spencer
Sleep
Mission
Small
" Solid-fuel rockets can't easily be shut down on command. "
Henry Spencer
Command
Shut
Down
" Testing a parachute drop of a heavy object is not simple. "
Henry Spencer
Simple
Parachute
Heavy
" Large solid rockets have never been a very good way to build launchers that might have crews on top, especially because of the problems in getting the crew away from a failing launcher. "
Henry Spencer
Problems
Build
Good
" The demise of Constellation is not the death of a dream. It's just the end of an illusion. "
Henry Spencer
Just
Illusion
End
" Progress requires setbacks; the only sure way to avoid failure is not to try. "
Henry Spencer
Progress
Failure
Way
" If your goal is to change the world, you can't start by doing things the same old way because it sells better. "
Henry Spencer
Start
Change The World
World
" Past experience, on the shuttle and the Titan rockets, suggests that large multi-segment solid rockets have a probability of failure of 0.5 to 1 per cent. "
Henry Spencer
Probability
Past
Failure
" The communications delays between Earth and Mars can be half an hour or more, so the people on the ground can't participate minute by minute in Mars surface activities. "
Henry Spencer
More
People
Earth
" NASA has never had a problem finding capable people to be astronauts. NASA's problem was, and still is, finding ways to cut the list of capable applicants down to a manageable length. "
Henry Spencer
People
Down
Finding
" In 1960-61, a small group of female pilots went through many of the same medical tests as the Mercury astronauts and scored very well on them - in fact, better than some of the astronauts did. "
Henry Spencer
Group
Tests
Small
" Claiming that solid rockets are necessary for a heavy-lift launcher is obvious nonsense. "
Henry Spencer
Solid
Necessary
Nonsense