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" Observational studies show that exercise, nutritional supplements and reducing psychological stress can help. Chronic high stress and smoking can lead to accelerated telomere shortening. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
High
Help
Exercise
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" Cancer cells have a lot of other things that are really wrong with them, and we should never forget that these are cells that have become deaf to all the signals that the body sends out, such as you can multiply a certain amount, you can be in a certain place in the body, where to stay, where to move, and so on. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Deaf
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" Exercise mitigates the effects of stress - and stress, we know, shortens telomeres. In fact, early studies indicate that stress reduction techniques like meditation help people maintain the length of their telomeres. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Stress
Exercise
Help
" Studying organisms at a molecular level was totally compelling because it was moving from being a naturalist, which was the 19th-century kind of science, to being very focused and really getting to the heart of these molecules. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Studying
Science
Moving
" When you bring telomerase RNA levels down by using a mechanism that targets the RNA for destruction, the cells which were running on very high telomerase levels are now running on a lean diet of telomerase. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Cells
Now
Running
" Generally, we try to have a situation where the person is healthy, so you're not confounded by disease. So, that means that healthy individuals are donating their blood samples for the studies. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Healthy
Blood
Try
" The most dangerous cancer cells are actually the ones that are more like stem cells, which have this ability to produce themselves over and over again. More and more cancer biologists say stem-cell-like cells in cancers are the most dangerous. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Cancer
Cells
Dangerous
" For me, arguably the story of telomeres and telomerase began thousands of years ago, in the cornfields of the Maya highlands of Central America. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Years
Story
Me
" In the 1970s, I did a Ph.D. with Fred Sanger in Cambridge who was in the process of inventing ways to map what's inside DNA. He later won the Nobel Prize. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Process
Nobel Prize
Map
" Perhaps arising from a fascination with animals, biology seemed the most interesting of sciences to me as a child. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Me
Biology
Interesting
" One characteristic aspect of ageing is the increased susceptibility to disease, particularly age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Ageing
Cancer
Cardiovascular
" I was using very unconventional methods to sequence the telemetric DNA, originally. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Unconventional
DNA
Methods
" If we think of our chromosomes - they carry our genetic material - as being like shoelaces, I work on the plastic tips at the end that protect them. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Think
Plastic
Work
" In 2004, results from a study that I worked on with colleagues at the University of California, San Francisco, linked chronic stress to shortening of telomeres. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Colleagues
California
Results
" Medicine has been successful by treating diseases in a very specific way once the damage is done. But telomere length integrates a lot of factors together and gives you an overall picture of risk for what is now emerging as a lot of diseases that tend to occur together, such as diabetes and heart disease. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Together
You
Picture
" Checking your telomere length is a bit like weighing yourself: you get this single number which depends on a lot of factors. Telomere length gives a sense of your underlying health. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Get
Like
Health
" Being senior enough in the field, having enough solidity, I don't feel afraid of being marginalized. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Feel
Afraid
Enough
" Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes in cells. Chromosomes carry the genetic information. Telomeres are buffers. They are like the tips of shoelaces. If you lose the tips, the ends start fraying. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Lose
You
Cells
" I'm pretty good about getting some exercise every day - well, most days. The secret for me was to put the elliptical in front of the TV. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Day
Me
Exercise
" Cancer cells have had so many other things go wrong with them, genetic, non-genetic changes, that those cells, one of the things they then get selected for is that they have lots of telomerase because now the telomeres in those cells get maintained. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Now
Cells
Go
" The goal is to learn more about telomere length and other markers of ageing, how best to measure these markers, how they are related to health and lifestyle, and how people respond to learning their own telomere length results. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Learning
Goal
Best
" Ageing is so many different things, and cells being able to self-renew is part of the picture but not all of it. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Different
Picture
Being
" In my lab, we're finding that psychological stress actually ages cells, which can be seen when you measure the wearing down of the tips of the chromosomes, those telomeres. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Finding
Down
You
" We and other groups are seeing clear statistical links between telomere shortness and risk for a variety of diseases that are becoming very common, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and certain cancers. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Diabetes
Variety
Seeing
" Basically, when you look at different types of cells, such as fibroblasts, which form connective tissue, or epithelial cells, from saliva, you see general correlations within a person. If telomeres are up for one cell type, they're up for others overall. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Person
You
See
" Biology sometimes reveals its fundamental principles through what may seem at first to be arcane and bizarre. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Biology
Through
Sometimes
" I chose biochemistry as my major and graduated after 4 years with an Honours degree in Biochemistry. During that time, I had come to love biochemistry research, although I was just getting my feet wet in laboratory research. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Years
Research
Feet
" I was born in the small city of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia, in 1948. My parents were family physicians. My grandfather and great grandfather on my mother's side were geologists. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
City
Mother
Parents
" At Cambridge, there was a completely unintimidating culture, and there were no class divisions among the students. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Culture
Cambridge
Students
" Tracing the beginnings of the interwoven stories of science can be arbitrary, as beginnings are so often lost in the mists of time. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Beginnings
Lost
Time
" The conservative statement is that telomere length is a biomarker, but it's probably not passive. There are some very intimate relationships between things such as molecular markers for inflammation and telomere health. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Conservative
Health
Relationships