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" If we think of our chromosomes - they carry our genetic material - as being like shoelaces, I work on the plastic tips at the end that protect them. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Think
Plastic
Work
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" I was born in the small city of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia, in 1948. My parents were family physicians. My grandfather and great grandfather on my mother's side were geologists. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
City
Mother
Parents
" One characteristic aspect of ageing is the increased susceptibility to disease, particularly age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Ageing
Cancer
Cardiovascular
" In my early work, our molecular views of telomeres were first focused on the DNA. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
DNA
Early
First
" Cancer cells have had so many other things go wrong with them, genetic, non-genetic changes, that those cells, one of the things they then get selected for is that they have lots of telomerase because now the telomeres in those cells get maintained. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Now
Cells
Go
" I'm pretty good about getting some exercise every day - well, most days. The secret for me was to put the elliptical in front of the TV. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Day
Me
Exercise
" Medicine has been successful by treating diseases in a very specific way once the damage is done. But telomere length integrates a lot of factors together and gives you an overall picture of risk for what is now emerging as a lot of diseases that tend to occur together, such as diabetes and heart disease. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Together
You
Picture
" Basically, when you look at different types of cells, such as fibroblasts, which form connective tissue, or epithelial cells, from saliva, you see general correlations within a person. If telomeres are up for one cell type, they're up for others overall. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Person
You
See
" In my lab, we're finding that psychological stress actually ages cells, which can be seen when you measure the wearing down of the tips of the chromosomes, those telomeres. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Finding
Down
You
" As maize became important for human food worldwide, modern agricultural research on maize breeding continued the corn breeding begun thousands of years ago in the Central American highlands. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Food
American
Research
" At Cambridge, there was a completely unintimidating culture, and there were no class divisions among the students. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Culture
Cambridge
Students
" If a test showed you had telomere shortening, it would be a red flag suggesting you should take a look at possible risk factors. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Red
Risk
Test
" We're collecting about 100,000 telomere lengths in saliva samples and then looking at how those relate to both the extensive longitudinal clinical records that Kaiser is collecting and the genome sequence variations. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Collecting
Genome
Looking
" What is it that keeps you so interested in the telomere? It's so intricate and complicated, and you want to know how it works. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
You
Want
Know
" Exercise mitigates the effects of stress - and stress, we know, shortens telomeres. In fact, early studies indicate that stress reduction techniques like meditation help people maintain the length of their telomeres. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Stress
Exercise
Help
" Tracing the beginnings of the interwoven stories of science can be arbitrary, as beginnings are so often lost in the mists of time. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Beginnings
Lost
Time
" Checking your telomere length is a bit like weighing yourself: you get this single number which depends on a lot of factors. Telomere length gives a sense of your underlying health. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Get
Like
Health
" Studying organisms at a molecular level was totally compelling because it was moving from being a naturalist, which was the 19th-century kind of science, to being very focused and really getting to the heart of these molecules. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Studying
Science
Moving
" I've only actively promoted what we always hope is good science. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Good
Always
Hope
" I spent my first 4 years living in the tiny town of Snug, by the sea near Hobart. Curious about animals, I would pick up ants in our backyard and jellyfish on the beach. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Curious
Animals
Living
" Challenges in medicine are moving from 'Treat the symptoms after the house is on fire' to 'Can we preserve the house intact?' "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Moving
Fire
House
" The goal is to learn more about telomere length and other markers of ageing, how best to measure these markers, how they are related to health and lifestyle, and how people respond to learning their own telomere length results. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Learning
Goal
Best
" Observational studies show that exercise, nutritional supplements and reducing psychological stress can help. Chronic high stress and smoking can lead to accelerated telomere shortening. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
High
Help
Exercise
" No one ever said, 'Be a doctor.' But because so many members of my extended family - aunts, uncles - were doctors, there was this expectation that I'd probably be a physician. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Because
Doctor
Family
" Perhaps arising from a fascination with animals, biology seemed the most interesting of sciences to me as a child. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Me
Biology
Interesting
" In 2004, results from a study that I worked on with colleagues at the University of California, San Francisco, linked chronic stress to shortening of telomeres. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Colleagues
California
Results
" This enzyme, called telomerase, slows the rate at which telomeres degrade, and research indicates that healthy people with longer telomeres have less risk of developing the common illnesses of aging - like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, which are three big killers today. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
People
Aging
Today
" I was using very unconventional methods to sequence the telemetric DNA, originally. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Unconventional
DNA
Methods
" The most dangerous cancer cells are actually the ones that are more like stem cells, which have this ability to produce themselves over and over again. More and more cancer biologists say stem-cell-like cells in cancers are the most dangerous. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Cancer
Cells
Dangerous
" When you bring telomerase RNA levels down by using a mechanism that targets the RNA for destruction, the cells which were running on very high telomerase levels are now running on a lean diet of telomerase. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Cells
Now
Running
" For me, arguably the story of telomeres and telomerase began thousands of years ago, in the cornfields of the Maya highlands of Central America. "
Elizabeth Blackburn
Years
Story
Me