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" In other words, knowledge of the external world begins with an immediate utilisation of things, whereas knowledge of self is stopped by this purely practical and utilitarian contact. "

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" I engage my subjects in conversation, patterned after psychiatric questioning, with the aim of discovering something about the reasoning underlying their right but especially their wrong answers. "

Jean Piaget

Right

Aim

Answers

" Everyone knows that at the age of 11-12, children have a marked impulse to form themselves into groups and that the respect paid to the rules and regulations of their play constitutes an important feature of this social life. "

" In genetic epistemology, as in developmental psychology, too, there is never an absolute beginning. "

" On the one hand, there are individual actions such as throwing, pushing, touching, rubbing. It is these individual actions that give rise most of the time to abstraction from objects. "

" Every acquisition of accommodation becomes material for assimilation, but assimilation always resists new accommodations. "

" To accustom the infant to get out of its own difficulties or to calm it by rocking it may be to lay the foundations of a good or of a bad disposition. "

" The self thus becomes aware of itself, at least in its practical action, and discovers itself as a cause among other causes and as an object subject to the same laws as other objects. "

" Before playing with his equals, the child is influenced by his parents. He is subjected from his cradle to a multiplicity of regulations, and even before language he becomes conscious of certain obligations. "

" Childish egocentrism is, in its essence, an inability to differentiate between the ego and the social environment. "

" Our problem, from the point of view of psychology and from the point of view of genetic epistemology, is to explain how the transition is made from a lower level of knowledge to a level that is judged to be higher. "

" The child of three or four is saturated with adult rules. His universe is dominated by the idea that things are as they ought to be, that everyone's actions conform to laws that are both physical and moral - in a word, that there is a Universal Order. "

" Logical reasoning is an argument which we have with ourselves and which reproduces internally the features of a real argument. "

" Scientific knowledge is in perpetual evolution; it finds itself changed from one day to the next. "

Jean Piaget

Evolution

Knowledge

" It is with children that we have the best chance of studying the development of logical knowledge, mathematical knowledge, physical knowledge, and so forth. "

" Scientific thought, then, is not momentary; it is not a static instance; it is a process. "

" The main functions of intelligence, that of inventing solutions and that of verifying them, do not necessarily involve one another. The first partakes of imagination; the second alone is properly logical. "

" Logical activity is not the whole of intelligence. One can be intelligent without being particularly logical. "

" The more the schemata are differentiated, the smaller the gap between the new and the familiar becomes, so that novelty, instead of constituting an annoyance avoided by the subject, becomes a problem and invites searching. "

" With regard to moral rules, the child submits more or less completely in intention to the rules laid down for him, but these, remaining, as it were, external to the subject's conscience, do not really transform his conduct. "

" Logic and mathematics are nothing but specialised linguistic structures. "

" Play is the answer to the question, 'How does anything new come about?' "

" This means that no single logic is strong enough to support the total construction of human knowledge. "

" Children's games constitute the most admirable social institutions. The game of marbles, for instance, as played by boys, contains an extremely complex system of rules - that is to say, a code of laws, a jurisprudence of its own. "

" From the moral as from the intellectual point of view, the child is born neither good nor bad but master of his destiny. "

" Reflective abstraction, however, is based not on individual actions but on coordinated actions. "

" The principle goal of education in the schools should be creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other generations have done. "

" Logical positivists have never taken psychology into account in their epistemology, but they affirm that logical beings and mathematical beings are nothing but linguistic structures. "

" Intelligence is what you use when you don't know what to do: when neither innateness nor learning has prepared you for the particular situation. "

" The child often sees only what he already knows. He projects the whole of his verbal thought into things. He sees mountains as built by men, rivers as dug out with spades, the sun and moon as following us on our walks. "

" Play is the work of childhood. "